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Week 3 Reply to Discussion Posts
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Discussion Post 1:
Professor and class,
Once the war for Texas independence from Mexico and the annexation of Texas into the United
States finally occurred the boundary between Texas and Mexico needed to be determined. The
Mexican government says its Nueces River and America says it’s the Rio Grande. Mexico still
being upset over losing Texas and much more does not want to lose any more land than it
already has. So the Mexican war of 1846 begins. At times wars are necessary. The Mexican war
did allow California, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona to become part of the United
States through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (and a bit of money). Manifest Destiny was
coined to say that the United States was destined by God to expand its land spread democracy
and capitalism across the United States (History.com. n.d.). Definitely, just a way to make
yourself feel better about the things that you need to do during wartimes or just doing what
you think is right for your country. Some people were against the war. They thought it was just
a way to conquest lands and expand slavery and those were unjust reasons to go to war. So
why wouldn’t someone want to think they are doing this because it is God’s doing? This I think
reflects America’s hunger for land and power in this time. This war also has brought the topic of
slavery out in the open with north versus south and should slavery be permitted in the west.
References:
Keene, J., Cornell, S., & O’Donnell, E. (2013). Visions of America: A history of the United
States. Boston, MA. Pearson
History.com. (n.d.). Manifest Destiny. Retrieved on 3/11/2018
from https://www.history.com/topics/manifest-destiny (Links to an external site.)Links to an
external site.
Answer:
Discussion Post 2:
Professor and class,
The Mexican war was started over unclear boundaries. But it’s never just one thing. This was a
time in America that full of growth and opportunity, and freedom. Land was considered the
most important for status and massing one’s fortune. This was a complicated war that resulted
in a win for US, while keeping the issue of slavery on the forefront. Again, political parties were
divided, with the Southern Whigs all for the war, while the north was opposed. The treaty of
Guadalupe ended the war with the US obtaining 500,000 square miles of land. This was also the
first 24-hour news coverage, so to speak, with the telegraph and papers, people were able to
keep up with the war in almost real time (Keene, Cornell & O’Donnell, 2013).
I’m sure Polk wasn’t the first, and he definitely wasn’t the last, to use GOD as an excuse/reason
for his actions. He believed GOD favored the United States, and favored whites over blacks, so
his actions to take land from Mexico, and support slavery were, in his eyes at least, not only OK,
but heavenly inspired (Peace, n.d.).
Keene, J., Cornell, S., & O’Donnell, E. (2013). Visions of America: A history of the United
States. Boston, MA. Pearson.
Peace, R (n.d.). The United States-Mexican war, 1846-1848. United States foreign policy history
and resource guide. Retrieved from http://peacehistory-usfp-org
Answer:
Discussion Post 3:
Professor and class The Mexican War of 1846 took place because there were “exact boundary” discrepancies
between the United States and Mexico following the annexation of Texas (O’Donnell et al.,
2013). While there was division over whether the war was necessary or not, it provided a great
victory for the United States and was the first that America had fought primarily on foreign soil
(O’Donnell et al., 2013). Two years later, the war finally came to an end with The Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo which settled the border dispute. According to an article titled “The United
States-Mexican War, 1846-1848,” the treaty “established Texas at the Rio Grande and
California/New Mexico to the US” going on further to add that Article XXI “…committed both
nations to peacefully negotiating any future disagreements” (Peace, 2018). As far as God’s plan
for all of this to happen, a term had been coined in 1845 by newspaper editor John O’Sullivan,
to describe “the essence of this mindset” and that was to basically assume that a greater plan
was in the works based on the beliefs “that God himself blessed the growth of the American
nation” (ushistory.org). America was to expand and be superior.
References:
Keene, J., Cornell, S., & O’Donnell, E. (2013). Visions of America: A history of the United
States. Boston, MA. Pearson.
Manifest Destiny. (n.d.). Retrieved March 12, 2018, from http://www.ushistory.org/us/29.asp
Peace, R. (n.d.). The United States-Mexican War, 1846-1848. Retrieved March 12, 2018, from
Answer:
Discussion Post 4:
Professor and class,
Transportation played an important role in the growth of the Americas. Economy was mostly a
local system, with goods traded using the barter system. As the market revolution saw farmers
having a surplus of goods, transportation helped them trade further, and become more
commercially orientated (Keene, Cornell, & O’Donnell, 2013). The transportation revolution
was also responsible for isolated regional economies to integrate nationally, helping to
determine roles in regional structures and regional income (Kim, 2009). This can be seen in the
difference in the northern and southern regions. The north was moving to a free labor
economy, using technology to improve efficiency, transportation, and communication. The
growth in the south focused mostly on cash crops, still utilizing slave labor
The railroad, by being cheaper and more efficient allowed those who previously could not
marker their goods to now become involved in trade, boosting individual finances, and the
economy. The roads help decrease travel times, giving us the “National road”, the first federally
funded road. The steamboats and canals also provided the new faster and cheaper way to
transport goods.( If you want to see a beautiful site, come to New Orleans and watch the
steamboat go down the Mississippi).
The takeaway from this is the transportation revolution changed the way America did business.
Less expensive, and faster, it allowed more people to become involved in trades, and it changed
the economy.
Keene, J., Cornell, S., & O’Donnell, E. (2013). Visions of America: A history of the United
States. Boston, MA. Pearson.
Kim, S (1998). Economic integration and convergence: U.S. regions 1840-1987. The journal of
economic history (58) 3. doi: 10.1017/50022050700021112
Answer:
Discussion Post 5:
Professor and class,
The “market revolution is the term used by historians to describe this transformation,
encompassed interrelated developments that revolutionized agriculture, industry, technology,
transportation, and communications” (Keene, Cornell & O’Donnell. 2013). America’s
transportation revolution greatly contributed to this. With improvements in transportation, this
now allows products from farms that previously could not be delivered to certain areas now
could be delivered. Roads and turnpikes were being developed which allowed transportation of
people and goods to go further, cheaper, faster and more reliable. This network of roads was
allowing access to places that were not easy to get to. Many main rivers were ways to get
goods from inner lands out to the marketplace but it took a long time and was a large expense
because of the one-way system with the flow of the rivers. Once steamboats were invented this
changed everything. Upriver travel was possible and increased the sales of river cities. The
creation of canals contributed to the financial success of these river cities too. Products would
deliver faster and cost less. Next came the railway systems. This was the big wow factor. Large
amounts of goods now could be transported from one side of the country to the other in record
times.
None of this may have happened if the results of the 1824 presidential election had not gone
the way it had. There were 4 candidates. 3 of them were Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams,
and Henry Clay. Clay had an idea and vision of the future of America’s economy. His plan was
called The American System. Part of this plan was to have Federal funding to make internal
improvements such as roads and canals. At the end of the election, Clay came in 4th place.
Jackson won the popular vote and had the most electoral votes but was short in the electoral
college majority that he needed to win. In this situation, our constitution says the deciding
factor is left to the speaker of the house. Well guess who the speaker of the house is? Henry
Clay! Clay knew that Adams supported Clay’s ideas in The American System. So his deciding
decision put Adams into office and the beginning of the transportation and market revolution
would occur.
Reference:
Keene, J., Cornell, S., & O’Donnell, E. (2013). Visions of America: A history of the United
States. Boston, MA. Pearson
Answer:
Discussion Post 6:
Professor Muir and class,
During the nineteenth century, America had become more commercially oriented. Farmers
were growing cash crops. Everyone was trying to make some money. The introduction of
transportation changed things drastically for the market. Having roads and turnpikes decreased
travel times. Sometimes even by half the time!
The introduction of steamboats was also a huge change for the market. At one time traveling
upriver was once very slow and expensive to do. With using the steamboat to travel from New
Orleans to Kentucky as the book states, it cut the time from three to four months down to
about a week by 1826 (Keene, Cornell, O’Donnell, 2012).
Having canals built also cut travel time and expenses down tremendously. By the year 1840,
over 125 million was invested into building canals. They had over $3,300 miles of canals at that
time.
Around the time of the production of canals, railroads were also being built. Obviously, trains
were faster than any other form of transportation. Not only did this facilitate the movement of
manufactured goods and people. But communication could be spread faster than ever. More
letters could be mailed. Also, advertisements increased due to the improvement of
printing. Magazines and newspapers were filled with the latest fashions, which encouraged
consumers to buy. Technology changed the way people lived in every way, shape, and
form. Everything was faster, bigger, and cheaper.
Keene, J., Cornell, S., & O’Donnell, E. (2012). Visions of America: A history of the United
States. Boston, MA. Pearson.
Answer:
Discussion Post 7:
Professor and Class,
When searching for evidence relevant to my proposed research question the research design
that I will expect to find will follow the format of experimental design. Experimental design
“studies causality by introducing an intervention to one group (the treatment group) and
comparing the outcome to that of another group that has not experienced the intervention (the
control group); subjects are randomly assigned to groups” (Houser, 2018 p.145). The treatment
group would be patients that have a central venous catheter with catheter hub that is
protected by antiseptic impregnated cabs. The control group (that will be used for comparison)
would be patients that have central venous catheter with catheter hub that is not protected by
antiseptic impregnated caps. Another feature of experimental designs is that subjects will be
randomly assigned to each group. Random assignment ensures that the outcome of the study is
due to the manipulated variable (application of antiseptic cab) and is not influenced by the
makeup of the test groups. The dependent variable of the research project is to identify the
effectiveness of antiseptic impregnated cabs in the reduction of catheter line-associated
bloodstream infection (CLABSI) for patients with central venous catheters.
Convenience sampling involves the selection of subjects that are conveniently available to the
researcher, for examples polls or surveys found on the internet. “In other words, this sampling
method involves getting participants wherever you can find them and typically wherever is
convenient. In convenience sampling no inclusion criteria identified prior to the selection of
subjects. All subjects are invited to participate” (Convenience Sampling). One implication of
convenience sampling is the introduction of subject selection that is bias. This can lead to under
or over representation of a particular group of subjects in the sample. If the subjects for the
sample is not chosen at random then there is no representation of the entire population,
therefore, the researcher will not be able to make any generalizations about the entire
population.
Reference
Convenience sampling. (n.d.). Retrieved March 12, 2018, from https://researchmethodology.net/sampling-in-primary-data-collection/convenience-sampling/
Houser, Janet. Nursing Research: Reading, Using and Creating Evidence, 4th Edition. Jones &
Bartlett Learning, 20161214. VitalBook file.
Answer:
Discussion Post 8:
Professor and class,
My research question is: during a year-long study would a cardiothoracic post-op surgery
patient, at Delray Medical Center, that has co-morbidities and are hemodynamically unstable
more likely to end up with a central line associated blood stream infection if the central line is
placed in the subclavian vs the jugular vein? Initially after reading the different research
designs, I thought that my question would be best suited as a correlation research design. Our
text (Houser, 2018) states that a correlation research design “describes the relationship
between two variables in a single population or the relationship between a single variable in
two population” (p.142). My thinking at first was asking if there was a correlation between
CLABSIs and subclavian CVLs, or between CLABSIs and IJ CVLs. However, after re-reading the
definition multiple times, I am changing my mind to thinking my question is best categorized as
an experimental research design. Our lesson this week (Chamberlain College of Nursing, 2018)
teaches us that “an experimental design involves the researcher manipulating variables to
determine cause and effect.” I think that my variables would be a subclavian CVL and an IJ CVL.
Convenience sampling is the most common sampling method. Our text (Houser, 2018) reminds
us “however, selection using convenience methods can introduce bias into the sample” (p.168).
If using the convenience sampling with my research question, I would need to eliminate as
much bias as possible. We are taught that even if we use a coin to flip to assign subjects to
groups, we’re eliminating the bias that comes with assigning ourselves. An article in Statistics in
Medicine (2011) tells us that “Utilizing data from convenient populations are usually biased, and
likely do not reflect the disease status or impact in the general population.” With that being
said, convenience sampling is that–more convenient. For optimal research, I would much
rather use a different sampling method.
Chamberlain College of Nursing. (2018). NR 439 Week 3: Reading research literature–problems
and designs. [Online Lesson]. Downers Grove, IL. DeVry Education Group.
Hedt, B. L., & Pagano, M. (2011). Health Indicators: Eliminating bias from convenience sampling
estimators. Statistics in Medicine, 30(5), 560–568. http://doi.org/10.1002/sim.3920 (Links to an
external site.)Links to an external site.
Houser, J. (2018). Nursing Research: Reading, Using and Creating Evidence, 4th Edition.
[Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284138887/
Answer:
Discussion Post 9:
Professor & Class,
The clinical issue I chose to address was “(P) For neonates born at Baptist Hospital in the month
of March, who are less than 4 days old and had a procedure done on the postpartum floor. (I)
Does treating their procedural pain non-pharmacologically vs (C) treating them
pharmacologically (O) adequately and effectively treat their pain (T) over a 30 day period?”
The research design I chose to assist me in the search for evidence is the Experimental design
which are best applied to answer questions about the effectiveness of interventions (Houser,
2018). Using that specific design method would be able to help me in finding the evidence
needed to prove that my outcome is indeed effective and why or why not my intervention or
comparison intervention is correct. My goal is to find out if whether or not newborns are being
adequately treated when it comes to painful procedures. Pain in the neonate has been an issue
for some time now where studies believe that babies cant feel pain while others believe they
can and should be treated even though they can’t verbally express it. I have had parents also
ask me about the treatment for their newborns after procedures such as circumcisions and
wonder why they should be giving their child Tylenol which they believe is harmful to
newborns. I have worked at a hospital that didn’t give Tylenol after a circumcision and I now
work for a hospital that does, so who is right?
Convenience sampling while it is the easiest, probably takes the shortest time and is the
cheapest to implement, it isn’t fair. How could selecting the thing or person closest and easiest
to you be correct, easy yes but not correct. I cant expect to do a study on nurses at my hospital
who feel like their nurse-patient ratio is too high but choose to only ask 30 nurses on my
mother/baby floor, what about the nurses on med-surg or PACU? We all have a common goal
but the way we reach that goal is different on each floor which means we may all have different
views. In summary, convenience sampling is a common strategy, but its scientific disadvantages
appear to outweigh its practical advantages (Bornstein et al,.2013).
Reference
Bornstein, M. H., Jager, J., & Putnick, D. L. (2013). Sampling in Developmental Science:
Situations, Shortcomings, Solutions, and Standards. Developmental Review : DR, 33(4), 357–
370. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2013.08.003
Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, using, and creating evidence (4th ed.). Sudbury,
MA: Jones & Bartlett.
Answer:
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