Solved by verified expert:What are Risk /Need Responsivity/ and the Participation Process Model. How does each work to address community corrections goals? What do you believe to be the most important factor in the success of each? Book used Community based corrections 12th
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1. What are Risk /Need Responsivity/ and the Participation Process Model. How
does each work to address community corrections goals? What do you believe to be
the most important factor in the success of each?
Book used Community based corrections 12th edition Leanne Fiftal Alarid
Discussion question 250 words using personal examples
The basis of effective rehabilitation is the theory
of risk/need/responsivity (RNR) initially proposed by
Andrews, Bonta, and Hoge (1990). RNR suggests that
rehabilitation efforts are most effective when they focus on
treating high-risk offenders (and leaving low-risk offenders
alone), and when they match correctional interventions
with criminogenic needs, which are any problem or deficit that
is directly related to criminal behavior. The third principle is
responsivity, and it addresses the most conducive therapeutic
environment to achieve the maximum amount of learning and
change. A responsive environment addresses the unique
learning styles and characteristics of offenders, which differ
according to gender, marital status, and education level. Using
cognitive-behavioral treatment for a long enough duration—
three to nine months—is ideal. Using RNR in the intended way
has a significantly greater effect on reducing recidivism than
programs that do not adhere to these standards (Bourgon &
Bonta, 2014).
One final point about offering rehabilitation in a community
setting: Oftentimes, offenders are more likely to receive
treatment under a community corrections sentence than in
prison. This is partly because prison is less than an ideal setting
for rehabilitation to occur. Another reason is a financial one.
Programs in prison are 100% taxpayer funded, while
community-based programs are subsidized by offenders who
pay for services as clients. Even as correctional budgets have
tightened and in-prison treatment programs have been
trimmed, taxpayers are bearing less of the cost for offender
treatment in the community.
An Integrated Theory of Community
Supervision: The Participation Process Model
To more comprehensively explain how community supervision
practices can influence a successful outcome, Craig Schwalbe
(2012) interviewed probation officers about what they do and
proposed what might be the first attempt at developing an
integrated theory of how probation works. He called this theory
the participation process model. Participation process
assumes at a basic level that offender compliance and
active participation are integral to the offender’s own success on
community supervision. Without these two elements, there will
be no successful outcome, and of course, for youth, parental
compliance and participation is also important. Second,
participation process theory suggests that the three goals of
community supervision are offender accountability, offender
risk/need reduction, and public safety, which is consistent with
deterrence and RNR theories discussed earlier. Third, probation
and parole officers use strategies such as communication,
casework, and leverage to achieve goals. Communication
includes listening, clarifying expectations, giving
praise/encouragement for desirable behavior, and confronting
offenders for undesirable behavior. Casework strategies include
assessing problems, establishing long-range goals, and assisting
the client with implementing steps to meet these goals.
Leverage is “aversive sanctions, either applied or threatened,
that are imposed by the courts and probation officers as a
consequence for rule-violating behavior” (Schwalbe, 2012, p.
193). These strategies will be discussed further in Chapter 5.
Finally, the change process is mediated by the amount of
motivation the offender has, the level of parental support or the
degree of positive support from a significant other, and the
quality of the officer–client relationship. Schwalbe (2012)
believes that the theory is still a work in progress and hopes
that through further testing of hypotheses (the probation
strategies and mediators), this will lead to development of
increasing successful client outcomes through increased
completion rates and reduced recidivism.
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