Solved by verified expert:Depending on the literature review that you did, please review the 15 articles I attached below and complete this assignment. Partial Research Proposal-outline (Its like a brief first draft for the final proposal) But it should include the aspects about the final proposal briefly. This assignment is to provide a research proposal outline, i.e. a draft, if you will, of you research proposal.The submission at this point should include, in APA format, all of the essential topic subtitles from Research articles on my chosen question and research type (Quantitative vs qualitative).The outline may contain the parts you feel you have finished writing, or may simply include notes on your choices, and how you intend to complete the section over the net very few weeks.The proposal (project, paper) need not be complete for this particular assignment, but needs to have all the parts listed and how you intend to flesh out the formal proposal.APA Format for titles (MUST apply)Titles as described in Leedy and Ormrod Chap 5 text book (if you have access for it) or any other scholarly resource. .Sections to be completed includes:Introduction to the problem, background, guiding questions, delimitations and limitations, significance of the study (the reason you feel it is important.REFINED Literature reviewThe EXISTING theory and practices (if applicable)References3-6 pages. REMEMBER: My research question is: What preventive methods that Saudi should use to stop the occurrence of floods in the future? (You can paraphrase the question if you have a better idea) And my targeted population is the three cities of Saudi Jeddah, Makkah, and Ryadh (The capital city). Also: Include that the public of Saudi should be more aware to know how to deal with floods, so increasing the awareness is a very important aspect. Th articles are attached below, and here is a brief description for the articles: 1-Targeting flash flood potential areas using remotely sensed data and GIS techniques:This article helps to decision makers in Makkah, Jeddah, and Ryadh to target flash flood potential areas that showed in this article below.2-Flash Flood Risks and Warning Decisions:This article helps to understand and improve extreme weather risk communication and management, the tools and methods that were used in this article should be applied in Makkah, Jeddah and Ryadh3-Flash flood inundation map preparation for wadis (this word means valleys) in arid regionsThis article helps to prepare flood risk maps so as to delineate the risky areas to educate the administrators and local settlers. The availability of these maps is the key requirement for any urban development that entails land use allocation, identification of dam, tunnel, highway, bridge sites, and infrastructure locations for sustainable future4-Raising flood awarenessThis article aims at raising flood awareness with the public in general, it should be applying to increase the awareness of the public of Saudi and decision makers. 5- The other 11 articles discusses the floods that occurred in Saudi Arabia in the three cities including Jeddah, Makkah, Ryadh (the capital city) By the way: You already did Review ten articles, I just added 5 articles that you did not review. Please fully read carefully read the requirements, its a very important assignment.
assessment_of_flood_hazard_of_jeddah_area_2009_.pdf
flash_flood_susceptibility_assessment_in_jeddah_city__kingdom.pdf
hazards_in_saudi_arabia.pdf
overview_of_some_geological_hazards_in_the_saudi_arabia.pdf
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Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2010, 2, 839-847
doi:10.4236/jwarp.2010.29099 Published Online September 2010 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/jwarp)
Assessment of Flood Hazard of Jeddah Area 2009,
Saudi Arabia
Mashael Al Saud
Space Research Institute, King Abdel Aziz City for Science and Technology,
Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
E-mail: geomm5.mashael@gmail.com
Received June 13, 2010; revised July 7, 2010; accepted July 15, 2010
Abstract
Due climatic variability and anthropogenic changes, floods have been raised lately in several regions worldwide. The resulting impact from floods is often harmful. This can be applied to Saudi Arabia, the country
which is known by dry climatic conditions, and it became lately a typical region for such natural hazard.
Hence, floods are observed as a yearly disaster with high magnitude of influence. Jeddah, a coastal Saudi
city on the Red Sea to the west, has witnessed severe event in November 2009, when flooded water and
sediments (torrents) invaded the urban areas and resulted decease of many people and destroyed the infrastructure and civilized zones. The lack of mitigation implements exacerbated the problem. This study implies
an assessment of flood hazard risk in Jeddah region. It aims to identify the zones subjected to flood and then
inducing the influencing factors at different levels of effect. For this purpose space techniques were utilized,
with a focus on IKONOS satellite images, which are characterized by high resolution in identifying terrain
features. In addition Geographic Information System (GIS) was also used to support space techniques. Thus,
damaged areas and the mechanism of flooding process were recognized. This helps avoiding further urban
expansion in areas under flood risk and will aid decision maker to put new strategies for hazard management.
Keywords: Disaster, Flooded Areas, Space Tools, Saudi Arabia
1. Introduction
Natural hazards occupy the essential concern on the national and regional levels, hence, they are raised as a
priority issues in many geo-environmental assemblies.
The frequency of these catastrophic events has been recently increased in different regions worldwide, but focuses are often on regions which haven’t been known as
an environment for such events. Saudi Arabia is an ideal
example of natural hazards, and lately it has become a
region under natural risk. This is well pronounced since
the region is anticipated to witness changes in its climatic
condition, and especially the increase in the amount of
rainfall [1-3].
The most common ones are dust storms, floods and
mass movement, whilst the region is also vulnerable to
many other aspects of natural risk, such as erosion, drought,
earthquake, volcanoes, etc. These hazardous events are
physically-controlled and their impact increased where
dense human activities are developed.
Copyright © 2010 SciRes.
A statistical overview has been made for natural hazards in Saudi Arabia for the period between 1982 and
2005 [4]. It shows that the most frequent hazard belongs
to floods, which has an average recurrence of about 7
times/year; then the epidemic hazard with 4 times/year,
and lastly the dust storms with 1 time event/year. It reveals that the average economic damage value may exceed 19 million UD dollars per year.
Recently, floods occupy the most frequent natural disasters in the region and exist several times per year
where they result severe conditions. Their impact appeared to be harmful due to the intensity of rainfall, as
well as the lack of mitigation implements. Hence, large
areas of urbane settlements are distributed regardless to
any natural risk that may occur. This is accompanied
with a clear lack in studies done on this concern. Obviously, it was the result when a flood event has been occurred in November 2009 in Jeddah, the costal Saudi city
on the Red Sea (Figure 1). In this flood, catastrophic
consequences were resulted and more than one hundred
people were deceased and a large number of villages
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were totally drifted by the effect of huge amounts of running water and sediments.
Identifying the hydrologic regime of a flood process
can be done by identifying the mechanism of water flow
along different drainage networks, which is essential to
determine the sources of flooded water. This requires a
comprehensive assessment, and it needs mainly considering the whole drainage system. However, monitoring
water flow among this system can be done effectively by
using space techniques. This study was carried out, in a
broad sense, to: 1) identify the extent of denudated region,
2) delineate the flow mechanism of sediments-bearing water among different drainage systems and 3) to propose
implications for flood control system in the region.
For this purpose, IKONOS satellite images were used,
since they are characterized by high spatial resolution
and enable identifying objects on terrain surface up to
1m2 area from space, with a comprehensive vision. The
used images were for the flooded region before and after
the flooding event that taken place in Jeddah in November 2009. This helps comparing the existed changes and
thus recognizing a detailed impact assessment. The utilized satellite images were processed using ERDAS
Imagine and ENVI-4.3 software, which is dedicated for
this purpose. In addition, the extracted data from these
images were manipulated and analyzed in the Geographic Information System (GIS), and more certainly
Arc GIS 9.3. It was utilized to produce different maps in
digital form, and thus inducing the morphometric properties of the drainage system as well as the catchment areas.
Moreover, GIS played a role in the cartography of different categories of catastrophic regions, followed by
numerical measures.
Therefore, a map showing flooded areas was produced
covering the entire region. It was characterized by five
categories showing different levels of impact, starting
from very high to very low impact. The higher levels
were found to be located almost in regions where thick
sediments exist among valleys’ courses.
The technical part of this work was accompanied with
field verification to assure the reliability of data obtained
by remote sensing techniques and applying volumetric
measures. Therefore, 63 sites were selected for this verification.
The area of concern was selected according to the geographic distribution of the flooded zones in Jeddah city
and its surrounding region. It is a coastal plain, where
Jeddah city is located, and extends to mountain chains in
the east. It was selected in coincidence with the existing
water basins, with a total area of approximately 688 km2.
It is located between the geographic coordinates 21°17′,
21°47′ N& 39°05′, 39°39 E′.
Copyright © 2010 SciRes.
Figure 1. Location map of the study area.
The aim of this study is to determine the spatial distribution of the damaged zones by flooded water. This
will help identifying the mechanism of water flow and
the major influencing factors, which is useful for future
panning and flood risk management.
2. Methods
Floods along mountain valleys may be generated by
various types of precipitation aspects. The magnitude
frequency difference between the largest floods and more
frequent floods will be a function of the mechanisms that
produce the floods [5], which is almost controlled by
several physical and anthropogenic factors. Thus, there
are several factors influencing flood process and they
either act on high degree of impact or sometimes they act
partially on this hydrologic process. However, these factors differ from one region to another depending mainly
on the physical setting of the area under study. According to Al Saud 2010 [6], these factors, as existed in the
area of concern, were found to attribute to: basin width
/outlet ratio, drainage density, slope, valleys intersection,
valley cross-section, depressions, lithology, and fracture
systems and sediments accumulation in valleys.
The application of coincidence approach between the
geographic distribution of flooded regions in November
2009 and the dominant factors; however, these factors
were found to exist at different levels of influence.
Therefore, the most influencing factors are: sediments
accumulation in valleys, valley cross-section, depressions and valleys intersection, which have a coincidence
of 50.58%, 36.31%, 30.73% and 22.75%; respectively.
Nevertheless, this is not the case for all regions worldwide, therefore each region has its own characteristics
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and these factors may act or not and at different magnitude and scale. For example, the influence of sediments
accumulation in the studied region of Jeddah may be
replaced by diverse acting agent in another region, such
as terrain instability and mass movement. Also, rainfall
regime may differ and some regions subjected to floods
at lower rainfall intensity than other region.
In order to select the required tools for analysis; however, the scheme of the proposed approach must be primarily identified in the light of the major objectives of
the study. Thus, the three tasks are sought. These are: 1)
the delineation of catchment areas (watersheds) where
the flood has taken place, 2) identifying the geographic
distribution of flooded zones, and 3) identifying the hydrologic and geomorphologic characteristics that controlled the flow regime of flooded water and transported
sediments.
To achieve tasks, a number of products are needed.
These are, in a broad sense, thematic maps and satellite
images, indicating the physical characteristics of the region and the spatial distribution of the flood and destroyed regions.
Table 1 shows the used tools and documentation in
the current research. The selection of these tools and
documents depends mainly on their availability as well
as their convenience to the subject matter.
The applied method in this study followed three major
phases of work. They were applied in a time sequence,
even though some applications in satellite images processing and GIS were overlapped when it was necessary.
These phases are following:
2.1. Delineation of Drainage System
It is essential to identify the drainage system where flood
may take place, since this hydrologic process (i.e., flood)
is merely related to surface water regime. The delineation of drainage system includes the cartography of the
outer limit of each catchment area (i.e. watershed), as
well as the included streams network within this area.
This will help identifying the characteristics of surface
water basin and its influence in surface run-off behaviour.
Also, the morphometry of the stream has an essential role
in controlling water flow regime among these streams and
their impact on flood process.
Among the delineation of drainage system; however,
many other hydrologic parameters can be identified and
calculated, such channel slope, relief ratio and gradient,
shape, etc. [7-10]. These parameters can be used for detailed analysis of drainage system characteristics whether
for flood assessment/ or prediction.
The approach of drainage system delineation was obtained by direct tracing of streams from topographic
Copyright © 2010 SciRes.
841
Table 1. Major used tools and documents in the study.
Tools and documents
Description
Data and records
Topographic maps
Geologic maps
Satellite images
Software
–
Information on the damaged regions
by flood
Hydrologic records
Ground-based climatic data
Space-based climatic data
Scale 1:50000
Contour interval 20m
Digital Elevation Model (DEM), resolution 30m2
Scale 1:250000
IKONOS images (1m), before the
flood
IKONOS images (1m), after the flood
Aster images (15m)
ENVI 4.3 for image processing
ERDAS Imagine for image processing
Arc GIS 9.3 for GIS applications
maps (1:50000 scale) and contour interval 20m, which
enables drawing streams with high precession. Thus,
from the same maps water divides were also identified
considering the close heights around the existing streams.
In coincidence with manual delineation, GIS digital applications were directly carried out using Arc GIS 9.3.
The production of drainage network and catchments area
in GIS form help in applying different measuring procedures and data integration, as well as it can help in
modifying geo-spatial data whenever it is needed.
In addition to the topographic map, Digital Elevation
Model was also utilized, since it is able to apply automated tracing of streams and water basins. Therefore, it
was applied to support the resulted cartography obtained
from topographic maps.
2.2. Images Processing
It is not a feasible task to identify the comprehensive
figure of areas subjected to floods directly from ground
investigation. Therefore, utilization of space techniques
has been successfully used in this respect [9-11]. However, the method of analysis and specifications of the
used tools are different.
This study was accomplished in the frame of several
applied approaches worldwide, but the entire characterization of the studied area was given a specific concern,
since the area of study is known by its unique geomorphologic and geologic characteristics. Hence, IKONOS
satellite images of the region before and after the flood
were processed. Nine images scenes (image sheet) were
used in order to cover the whole region. Thus they were
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primarily linked with each other (i.e. mosaicking) after
applying they were geo-referenced. The processing of
satellite images was done using ENVI 4.3 and ERDAS
Imagine, which are known software types with high facility of application and ability to distinguished terrain
features.
Accordingly, digital data was subjected to pre- processing procedures first, including a series of sequential
operations, including but not limited t, atmospheric correction or normalization, image registration, geometric
and radiometric corrections. Another pre-processing phase
is the linking of the available image scenes. This is essential to get a unique scene for all images and would
facilitate further image treatment approaches.
In this study, the major applied digital procedures are:
Band combination, which is applied for better discrimination of terrain features. Thus, the Enhancement procedures were undertaken. There are a variety of images
enhancement tools available in ENVI-4.3 and ERDAS
Imagine. These are: filtering, and different levels of linear stretching, Gaussian, equalization and square root.
Each has different effect on the appearance of the scene
after the newly assigned Digital Numbers (DNs) are substituted for the original data values. In this study, Gaussian, equalization was the most suitable tools for image
enhancement. In addition to these digital advantages,
Interactive stretching, density slicing and thermal band
interpretation were also applied.
2.3. GIS Application
Geographic Information System (GIS) was considered as
an integral tool in all procedures applied in this study. It
played a major role in producing geo-spatial data in
digital form, as well as in storing digital data, thus accessibility of data modification and manipulation. Arc GIS
9.3 was the used software for these procedures.
It was primarily used for drainage delineation and
analysis, thus it helped in diagnosing the drainage system
morphometry and related measures in order to induce
hydrological and geomorphological characteristics of the
existing basins and streams. Therefore, several floodgoverned characteristics were identified, such as basin
areas, slope gradient, width/length ratio, drainage density,
etc.
GIS application was also used in producing thematic
maps (as thematic layers) extracted from available topographic and geologic maps as well as those geo-spatial
data derived from satellite images processing. It is also
severed in the integration of different thematic layers by
superimposing these layers with each other to induce a
comprehensive figure of different geo-spatial data.
Copyright © 2010 SciRes.
3. Results
3.1. Physical Setting
Jeddah is located along a coastal plain, which ranges in
width from 5 to 10 km, thus limited from east by a number of mountain chains with average altitude of about
200 m. A number of valleys exist in the mountainous
region and extend to the slopes into the surrounding flat
regions. In the area of study, there are 24 basins (i.e.,
watersheds) in the context of the flooded area in Jeddah
(November 2009) and it surrounding (Figure 2). Most of
these basins form a funnel-like shape, and sometimes
with an obvious elongation as a result of tectonic activities in the area.
Sixteen of these basins open towards Jeddah city in the
west and the rest open in the southwest direction and
almost towards Wadi Fatima, a large rift valley. The total
area of these basins is about 688 km2. Among these basins, there are seven basins (number 6, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17
and 23) that characterized with incomplete configuration,
which have no specified shape, and thus unidentified
outlet, notably when they open into urban areas (Figure
2).
The identified basins are considered as small-scale
ones, since all of them are less than 100 km2 in area except Wadi Elasla, the biggest one, with approximately
299 km2 and it joins seven sub-basins. However, these
basins together compose a unique geomorphologic feature appears as a huge rocky basin surrounded by mountain chains. These chains are geologically-controlled and
forming a triangular orientation. This geomorphic feature
is almost closed, except some channeling systems towards Jeddah city to the west and Wadi Fatima to the
south (Figure 3). Therefore, rainfall water accumulates
in this basin, whose valleys are filled by thick sediments,
and when these sediments are oversaturated with water
they tend to move downward along valleys to outlet into
the adjacent hill slopes of Jeddah city and Wadi Fatima.
The principal hydrologic and geomorphic specifications of the existing drainage basins were studied using
GIS and utilized from DEM applications. Therefore, different measures were obtained, including length, area,
basin width/outlet ratio, drainage density and slope (Table 2). This will help characterizing these basins and find
out the relationship between these specifications and the
regions where flood has taken place.
The geology of the study area was analyzed depending
mainly on the existing geological maps (1:250000) [13,
14]. The dominant rock types are attributed to the Precambrian rocks, which are widely distributed in mountainous region where granite syenite and granodiorite are
exposed. These rocks are appear in massive and thick
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bedded aspects that characterized by high fractures. In
addition, Quaternary rocks also exist, but almost in the
coastal plain and valleys. In this respect Aster images
were useful in fracture identification and terrain analysis.
The area of study is known by wide and deep valleys,
which are mostly fault-controlled geomorphologic features. These valleys are usually filled with friable sedi-
843
ments derived by Aeolian erosion. The thickness of these
deposits reaches up to several meters, such as the thick
sediments of Wadi El-Hefna.
3.2. Flooded Zones
Identifying the geographic distribution of flooded zones
Figure 2. Watersheds map of Jeddah region.
Copyright © 2010 SciRes.
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844
Figure 3. Schematic figure showing the rock basin.
Table 2. Major hydrologic and geomorphologic specifications of existing basins in the study area.
1
Daghbj
Area
(km2)
60.5
2
Length
(km)
19.7
2
El Hatiel
62.9
2
23.0
2:1
1.36
11.65
3
Basin # 3
12.2
ST
3.7
1.6:1
0.41
17.5
4
Basin # 4
26.1
ST
15.5
1:1
1.15
8.4
5
El Assla
298.7
7
83.5
9:1
1.76
8.67
6
Basin # 6
ND
ST
4.6
–
0.61
14.1
7
Mreikh
39.3
1
9.3
3.5:1
1.76
11.8
#
Basin
No. of valleys
W/O
ratio
2:1
DD
(km/km2)
0.96
Slope
(m/km)
29.8
8
Kawes
72.2
3
53.9
2.5:1
1.37
6.57
9
Ashe …
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