Solved by verified expert:400-500 words about nutrition and health and which quote is better. find anything in the book ( that is attached) to write about and be sure to reference the page numebercheck PDF for instructions, and I have attached the book you need for for reference.
1_assignment_one_reflection_essay_instructions.pdf
chapter_1_2.pdf
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Assignment One: Reflection Essay (250‐500 words) 20 pts.
Select one of the following quotes to use with your Reflection Essay
“Let food be your medicine and medicine your food.” Hippocrates
or “The frog does not drink up the pond in which it lives” ‐ Chinese Proverb
or “You are what what you eat eats ‐ Michael Pollen
WHAT: Compose a short 2‐3 paragraph reflection (250‐500 words) describing how one
of these quotes is relevant to your nutrition and health. Include at least two
references from the readings in the text, chapter 1 & 2 that serve to illustrate or
support your viewpoint, using the page number from the text when you do so. Please
make sure your name and ID number are on the paper. You will need to submit your
essay in a PDF format to the Assignment #1 folder in D2L.
Essay 250‐500 words (just a range, can be >)
10 pts
2 References (can quote and use page numbers in text)
5 pts
Writing‐ spelling, grammar
5 pts
20 pts
Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals: Vitamins
Life Stage
Group
Vitamin
Vitamin Pantothenic
B6
B12
Acid
Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin
Folate
Biotin
Choline
(μg/day) a (mg/day) (μg/day) b,c (mg/day) d (μg/day) (mg/day) (mg/day) (mg/day)e (mg/day) (μg/day) f (μg/day) (mg/day) (μg/day) (mg/day) g
Infants
0–6 mo
400*
40*
10*
4*
2.0*
0.2*
0.3*
2*
0.1*
65*
0.4*
1.7*
5*
125*
6–12 mo
500*
50*
10*
5*
2.5*
0.3*
0.4*
4*
0.3*
80*
0.5*
1.8*
6*
150*
Children
1–3 y
300
15
15
6
30*
0.5
0.5
6
0.5
150
0.9
2*
8*
200*
4–8 y
400
25
15
7
55*
0.6
0.6
8
0.6
200
1.2
3*
12*
250*
375*
Males
9–13 y
600
45
15
11
60*
0.9
0.9
12
1.0
300
1.8
4*
20*
14–18 y
900
75
15
15
75*
1.2
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
25*
550*
19–30 y
900
90
15
15
120*
1.2
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
30*
550*
31–50 y
900
90
15
15
120*
1.2
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
30*
550*
51–70 y
900
90
15
15
120*
1.2
1.3
16
1.7
400
2.4h
5*
30*
550*
70 y
900
90
20
15
120*
1.2
1.3
16
1.7
400
2.4h
5*
30*
550*
Females
9–13 y
600
45
15
11
60*
0.9
0.9
12
1.0
300
1.8
4*
20*
375*
14–18 y
700
65
15
15
75*
1.0
1.0
14
1.2
400i
2.4
5*
25*
400*
19–30 y
700
75
15
15
90*
1.1
1.1
14
1.3
400i
2.4
5*
30*
425*
31–50 y
700
75
15
15
90*
1.1
1.1
14
1.3
400i
2.4
5*
30*
425*
51–70 y
700
75
15
15
90*
1.1
1.1
14
1.5
400
2.4h
5*
30*
425*
70 y
700
75
20
15
90*
1.1
1.1
14
1.5
400
2.4h
5*
30*
425*
14–18 y
750
80
15
15
75*
1.4
1.4
18
1.9
600j
2.6
6*
30*
450*
19–30 y
770
85
15
15
90*
1.4
1.4
18
1.9
600j
2.6
6*
30*
450*
31–50 y
770
85
15
15
90*
1.4
1.4
18
1.9
600j
2.6
6*
30*
450*
Pregnancy
Lactation
14–18 y
1200
115
15
19
75*
1.4
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
19–30 y
1300
120
15
19
90*
1.4
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
31–50 y
1300
120
15
19
90*
1.4
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
Note: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended
Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intakes.
RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals in a
group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for all other life
stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the
groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with
confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE 1 μg retinol, 12 μg -carotene, 24 μg
-carotene, or 24 μg -cryptoxanthin. To calculate RAEs from REs of provitamin A carotenoids in foods, divide REs by 2. The RAE for dietary from provitamin A carotenoids is
two-fold greater than RE, whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as the
RAE.
aAs
bAs
cholecalciferol. 1 μg cholecalciferol 40 IU vitamin D.
cUnder
the assumption of minimal sunlight.
-tocopherol, which includes RRR- -tocopherol, the only form of -tocopherol that
occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of -tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-,
RRS, and RSS- -tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not
include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of -tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS- tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements
dAs
niacin equivalents (NEs), 1 mg niacin 60 mg tryptophan; 0–6 months preformed niacin (not NE).
eAs
dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE 1 μg food folate 0.6 μg folic acid from
fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food 0.5 μg of a supplement taken
on an empty stomach.
fAs
gAlthough
AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary
supply of choline is needed at all stages of the lifecycle, and it may be that the choline
requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.
hBecause
10–30% of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12 it is advisable for
those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with
B12 or a supplement containing B12.
iIn view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is
recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 μg from
supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.
jIt
is assumed that women will consume 400 μg from supplements or fortified foods
until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily
occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for neural tube
formation.
Source: Dietary Reference Intake Tables: The Complete Set. Institute of Medicine, National Academy of
Sciences available online at www.nap.edu. Reprinted with permission from Dietary Reference Intakes:
The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, 2006, by the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011),
National Academies Press, Washington DC, 2011.
Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals: Minerals
Life Stage Calcium Chromium Copper Fluoride
Iodine
Iron
Magnesium
Group
(mg/day) (μg/day) (μg/day) (mg/day) (μg/day) (mg/day) (mg/day)
Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorous Selenium
Zinc
Sodium Chloride Potassium
(mg/day)
(μg/day)
(mg/day)
(μg/day) (mg/day) (g/day) (g/day)
(g/day)
Infants
0–6 mo
200*
0.2*
200*
0.01*
110*
6–12 mo
260*
5.5*
220*
0.5*
130*
0.27*
11
30*
0.003*
2*
100*
15*
2*
0.12*
0.18*
0.4*
75*
0.6*
3*
275*
20*
3
0.37*
0.57*
0.7*
Children
1–3 y
700
11*
340
0.7*
90
7
80
1.2*
17
460
20
3
1.0*
1.5*
3.0*
4–8 y
1000
15*
440
1*
90
10
130
1.5*
22
500
30
5
1.2*
1.9*
3.8*
Males
9–13 y
1,300
25*
700
2*
120
8
240
1.9*
34
1,250
40
8
1.5*
2.3*
4.5*
14–18 y
1,300
35*
890
3*
150
11
410
2.2*
43
1,250
55
11
1.5*
2.3*
4.7*
19–30 y
1,000
35*
900
4*
150
8
400
2.3*
45
700
55
11
1.5*
2.3*
4.7*
31–50 y
1,000
35*
900
4*
150
8
420
2.3*
45
700
55
11
1.5*
2.3*
4.7*
51–70 y
1,000
30*
900
4*
150
8
420
2.3*
45
700
55
11
1.3*
2.0*
4.7*
70 y
1,200
30*
900
4*
150
8
420
2.3*
45
700
55
11
1.2*
1.8*
4.7*
Females
9–13 y
1,300
21*
700
2*
120
8
240
1.6*
34
1,250
40
8
1.5*
2.3*
4.5*
14–18 y
1,300
24*
890
3*
150
15
360
1.6*
43
1,250
55
9
1.5*
2.3*
4.7*
19–30 y
1,000
25*
900
3*
150
18
310
1.8*
45
700
55
8
1.5*
2.3*
4.7*
31–50 y
1,000
25*
900
3*
150
18
320
1.8*
45
700
55
8
1.5*
2.3*
4.7*
51–70 y
1,200
20*
900
3*
150
8
320
1.8*
45
700
55
8
1.3*
2.0*
4.7*
70 y
1,200
20*
900
3*
150
8
320
1.8*
45
700
55
8
1.2*
1.8*
4.7*
Pregnancy
14–18 y
1,300
29*
1,000
3*
220
27
400
2.0*
50
1,250
60
12
1.5*
2.3*
4.7*
19–30 y
1,000
30*
1,000
3*
220
27
350
2.0*
50
700
60
11
1.5*
2.3*
4.7*
31–50 y
1,000
30*
1,000
3*
220
27
360
2.0*
50
700
60
11
1.5*
2.3*
4.7*
Lactation
14–18 y
1,300
44*
1,300
3*
290
10
360
2.6*
50
1,250
70
13
1.5*
2.3*
5.1*
19–30 y
1,000
45*
1,300
3*
290
9
310
2.6*
50
700
70
12
1.5*
2.3*
5.1*
31–50 y
1,000
45*
1,300
3*
290
9
320
2.6*
50
700
70
12
1.5*
2.3*
5.1*
Note: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances
(RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may
both be used as goals for individual intakes. RDAs are set up to meet the needs of almost all (97–98%) healthy
individuals in a group. It is calculated from an EAR. If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish
an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an AI is usually developed. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the
mean intake. The AI for all other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence
the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
Source: Dietary Reference Intake Tables: The Complete Set. Institute of Medicine, National Academy
of Sciences. Available online at www.nap.edu. Reprinted with permission from Dietary Reference Intakes:
The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, 2006, by the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011),
National Academies Press, Washington DC, 2011.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) for Healthy Diets as a Percent of Energy
Age
1–3 y
4–18 y
19 y
Carbohydrate
Added Sugars
45–65
45–65
45–65
25
25
25
Total Fat
Linoleic Acid
30–40
25–35
20–35
5–10
5–10
5–10
– Linolenic Acid
0.6–1.2
0.6–1.2
0.6–1.2
Protein
5–20
10–30
10–35
Source: Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. “Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy,
Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids.” Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2002, 2005.
Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals:
Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Protein, and Water
Life Stage
Group
Infants
0–6 mo
6–12 mo
Children
1–3 y
4–8 y
Males
9–13 y
14–18 y
19–30 y
31–50 y
51–70 y
70 y
Females
9–13 y
14–18 y
19–30 y
31–50 y
51–70 y
70 y
Pregnancy
Lactation
Carbohydrate
(g/day)
60*
95*
Fiber
(g/day)
Fat
Linoleic Acid
(g/day)
(g/day)
ND
ND
31*
30*
130
130
19*
25*
ND
ND
130
130
130
130
130
130
31*
38*
38*
38*
30*
30*
130
130
130
130
130
130
175
210
26*
26*
25*
25*
21*
21*
28*
29*
4.4*†
4.6*†
Protein
-Linolenic Acid
(g/day)
(g/kg/day)a (g/day)
Waterb
(L/day)
0.5*‡
0.5*‡
1.52*
1.50
9.1*
11.0
0.7*
0.8*
7*
10*
0.7*
0.9*
1.10
0.95
13
19
1.3*
1.7*
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
12*
16*
17*
17*
14*
14*
1.2*
1.6*
1.6*
1.6*
1.6*
1.6*
0.95
0.85
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
34
52
56
56
56
56
2.4*
3.3*
3.7*
3.7*
3.7*
3.7*
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
10*
11*
12*
12*
11*
11*
13*
13*
1.0*
1.1*
1.1*
1.1*
1.1*
1.1*
1.4*
1.3*
0.95
0.85
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
1.10
1.10
34
46
46
46
46
46
71
71
2.1*
2.3*
2.7*
2.7*
2.7*
3.0*
3.8*
ND not determined. *Values are AI (Adequate Intakes), † Refers to all -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids,
‡Refers to all -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Source: Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. “Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol,
Protein, and Amino Acids” (2002/2005); “Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate” (2005).
Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
a
b
Based on g protein per kg of body weight for the reference body weight, e.g., for adults 0.8 g/kg body weight for the reference body weight.
Total water includes all water contained in food, beverages, and drinking water.
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Nutrition:
Science and Applications
Third Edition
N UTR IT ION:
Science and Applications
THIRD EDITION
Lori A. Smolin, Ph.D.
University of Connecticut
Mary B. Grosvenor, M.S., R.D.
VP & PUBLISHER
EXECUTIVE EDITOR
PROJECT EDITOR
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TEXT DESIGN
COVER DESIGN
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Kevin Witt
Lorraina Raccuia
Clay Stone
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Lauren Morris
Grace Bagley
Harry Nolan
Juanita Thompson
Svetlana Barskaya
Patricia McFadden
MaryAnn Price
Wendy Lai
Wendy Lai
Cover Photo: Damian Davies/Getty Images
Chapter Outline Icons: iStockphoto
This book was set in Minion Pro Regular 10/12 pt by MPS Limited, Chennai, India and printed and bound
by Courier Companies.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data:
ISBN-13: 978-1-118-28826-9
BRV ISBN: 978-1-118-34292-3
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
About the Authors
Lori A. Smolin received a bachelor of science degree from Cornell University, where she
studied human nutrition and food science. She received a doctorate from the University
of Wisconsin at Madison, where her doctoral research focused on B vitamins, homocysteine accumulation, and genetic defects in homocysteine metabolism. She completed postdoctoral training both at the Harbor–UCLA Medical Center, where she studied human
obesity, and at the University of California–San Diego, where she studied genetic defects
in amino acid metabolism. She has published articles in these areas in peer-reviewed journals. Dr. Smolin is currently at the University of Connecticut, where she has taught both
in the Department of Nutritional Science and in the Department of Molecular and Cell
Biology. Courses she has taught include introductory nutrition, life cycle nutrition, food
preparation, nutritional biochemistry, general biochemistry, and introductory biology.
Mary B. Grosvenor holds a bachelor of arts in English and a master of science in Nutrition
Science, affording her an ideal background for nutrition writing. She is a registered dietitian and has worked in clinical as well as research nutrition, in hospitals and communities
large and small in the western United States. She teaches at the community college level
and has published articles in peer-reviewed journals in nutritional assessment and nutrition and cancer. Her training and experience provide practical insights into the application
and presentation of the science in this text.
Dedication
To my family for their love, support, and humorous outlook on life and to the country of
Scotland, where I was fortunate to live during the writing of this edition. The breathtaking
countryside and friendly people provided both inspiration for and diversion from long hours
of writing.
LAS
To my sons, though grown and gone, for continuing to remind me what is important in life.
To my husband, Peter, for his patience as well as his editorial talents.
MBG
vii
viii Preface
Preface
Courtesy USDA
Nutrition: Science and Applications, Third Edition, is intended as an introductory text for
a science-oriented nutrition course. The material is appropriate for a college student at
any level, freshman to senior, taking this course to fulfill a science requirement. The clear,
concise writing style—reinforced visually with colorful, engaging illustrations—makes the
science accessible. The strong metabolism coverage, clinical flavor, and critical-thinking
approach to understanding science and nutrition research make this a text that will also
prepare nutrition majors and other science majors for their future studies and careers.
These students will discover that this text ties together information that they have studied
in chemistry, physiology, biology, and biochemistry courses.
This up-to-date text includes the most recent recommendations from the DRIs,
Dietary Guidelines, and MyPlate, and is extensively referenced from cur …
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