Expert answer:Unit 5, Business Statistics DISCUSSION SECTION: In your organization, how could you use Chi-Square testing? (Please note I work at a law firm as a paralegal) Total bare minimum word count for the initial discussion post is 250 words with a minimum of two peer-reviewed sources from the Bethel University Databases, plus your textbook located in the read section. Further, when conducting outside research limit the search to the past two years. Please use the following Book Reference as one of the references: Mirabella, J. (2011) Business Statistics, (Savant Learning Systems) Retrieved from Bethel University, College of Professional Studies: http://betheluniversityonline.net/cps COMPLETE SECTION: THE ATTACHED CHARTS ARE REQUIRED FOR THE HOMEWORK TO BE COMPLETE. PLEASE USE THEM AND PASTE THEM IN A WORD DOCUMENT WITH THE APPROPRIATE QUESTION. BE SURE TO USE THE ATTACHED CHARTS TO COMPLETE THIS SECTION…… Use the Student_Data.xls file which consists of 200 MBA students at Whatsamattu U. The file includes variables regarding students’ age, gender, major, GPA, Bachelors GPA, course load, English speaking status, family, weekly hours spent studying. Each of the three assigned problems should be formatted as a one page memo. Answers to all three of the problems should be submitted as a single Word document with each of the problems clearly labeled. COMPLETE PROBLEM 1: Historically, in the MBA program at Whatsamattu U., about 40% of the students choose a Leadership major, 30% choose Finance, 20% choose Marketing, and 10% choose no major. Does the most recent class of 200 MBA students fit that same pattern or has there been a shift in the choice of majors. Using the sample of 200 students (in the data file), conduct a Chi Square Goodness of Fit test to determine if the current distribution fits the historical pattern. Use a .05 significance level. Report on your findings (100+ words, 3 or more sentences). In your report, be sure to include the tables with the results of the Chi-square test as well as a chart (a bar chart or column chart) comparing the expected vs. the observed frequencies. COMPLETE PROBLEM 2: While job opportunities for men and women are considerably more balanced than they were 40 years ago, the career aspirations may still differ. Is there a difference in majors chosen by men and women? Using the sample of 200 MBA students (in the data file), conduct a Chi Square Test of Independence to determine if one’s choice of major is independent of their gender. Use a .05 significance level. Report on your findings (100+ words, 3 or more sentences). In your report, be sure to include the tables with the results of the Chi-square test as well as a chart (a stacked column chart works well) comparing the expected vs. the observed frequencies. COMPLETE PROBLEM 3: You wonder if there is a relationship between students’ employment status and their choice of major. Do unemployed students choose majors that have the greatest employment potential? Do fully employed students choose the ‘easiest’ major? Using the sample of 200 MBA students (in the data file), conduct a Chi Square Test of Independence to determine if one’s choice of major is independent of their employment status. Use a .05 significance level. Report on your findings (100+ words, 3 or more sentences). In your report, be sure to include the tables with the results of the Chi-square test as well as a chart (a stacked column chart works well) comparing the expected vs. the observed frequencies.
201711071044347483_chi_square_goodness_of_fit_test_un_equal_expected__1_.xls
201711071045028753_chi_square_test_of_independence.xls
201711071045280071_stacked_bar_charts.xlsx
student_data_file__5_.xls
unit_5__business_statistics_instructions.docx
Unformatted Attachment Preview
Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test (Assuming Unequal Expected)
Items
Leadership
Finance
Marketing
No Major
Observed % Expected
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
Expected
–
Chi Square
–
Data
Level of Significance
Degrees of Freedom
Results
Critical Value
Chi-Square Test Statistic
p -Value
#NUM!
0.05
(1)
#NUM!
#NUM!
This tests the null hypothesis that the distribution is as expected.
In other words, it tests if the results fit the expected distribution.
Rejecting the null implies that the results do not fit the distribution.
Chi-Square Test of Independence
Observed Frequencies
Major
Leadership
Finance
Marketing
Gender
No Major
Total
Male
Female
Total
Gender
Male
Female
0
0
0
Total
0
0
Expected Frequencies
Major
Leadership
Finance
Marketing
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
0
0
No Major
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
Total
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
Data
Level of Significance
Number of Rows
Number of Columns
Degrees of Freedom
0.05
0
0
1
Results
Critical Value
3.841458821
Chi-Square Test Statistic
0
p -Value
1.0000
Do not reject the null hypothesis
This tests the null hypothesis that the row variable and column variable are independent.
Rejecting the null implies that the two variables are related (one is dependent on the other).
Use the YELLOW cells to set up the Chi Square table.
The table can handle up to 5 rows and 5 columns of value
If fewer rows or columns are needed, leave the excess bla
The BLUE table computes the expected frequencies need
statistic. The only values that ultimately matter to you is in
Male
Major
Observed Expected A chart (a bar chart or column chart) comparing the expected vs. the observed
Finance
1.2
Leadership
1
Marketing
No Major
0.8
Totals
0
0
0.6
Reminder to make changes
0.4
to what is in yellow
0.2
0
Finance
Leadership
Marketing
No Major
Female
Major
Observed Expected A chart (a bar chart or column chart) comparing the expected vs. the observed
Finance
1.2
Leadership
1
Marketing
No Major
0.8
Totals
0
0
0.6
Reminder to make changes
0.4
to what is in yellow
0.2
0
Finance
Observed
Major
Male
Female
Finance
Leadership
Marketing
No Major
Totals
0
0
Reminder to make changes
to what is in yellow
Leadership
Marketing
No Major
A chart (a stacked column chart works well) comparing the expected vs. the ob
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Finance
Expected
Major
Finance
Male
Female
Leadership
Marketing
No Major
A chart (a stacked column chart works well) comparing the expected vs. the ob
Leadership
Marketing
No Major
Totals
0
Reminder to make changes
to what is in yellow
1.2
1
0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Finance
Major
Full-time
Observed
Full-time
Expected
Finance
Leadership
Marketing
No Major
Totals
0
Reminder to make changes
to what is in yellow
Part-time
Observed
Part-time
Expected
Leadership
Unemployed
Observed
Marketing
Unemployed
Expected
No Major
A chart (a stacked column cha
100%
90%
0
0
0
0
0
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Full-time Observed
No Major
No Major
A chart (a stacked column chart works well) comparing the expected vs. the observed frequencies.
Full-time Observed Full-time Expected
Part-time
Observed
Part-time
Expected
Unemployed
Observed
Unemployed
Expected
Unemployed
Expected
ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Gender
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Employ
Unemployed
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Part Time
Unemployed
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Part Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Age
39
55
43
56
38
54
30
37
38
42
52
35
37
53
51
40
33
53
43
35
57
32
59
48
34
53
35
38
37
46
44
31
51
47
56
42
44
54
51
42
45
55
47
43
57
MBA_GPA
2.82
3.49
3.28
3.25
3.26
2.87
3.16
3.4
2.84
3.72
3.22
3.44
3.65
3.02
3.03
3.8
3.23
3.26
3.53
3.75
3.15
3.66
3.36
3.79
2.85
3.74
3.23
3.52
3.32
2.89
2.83
2.93
3.71
3.47
3.52
2.83
3.64
2.96
3.59
3.33
3.38
3.44
3.31
3.03
3.26
BS GPA
3.05
3.45
3.5
3.55
3.3
3.05
3.35
3.35
3.05
3.7
3.5
3.55
3.9
3.3
3.25
3.8
3.5
3.5
3.75
3.9
3.2
3.75
3.45
3.85
3.05
3.9
3.25
3.7
3.45
3.1
3.05
3.1
3.8
3.75
3.65
3.05
3.55
3.1
3.8
3.55
3.6
3.35
3.45
3.25
3.4
Hrs_Studying
3
7
7
7
6
4
6
6
3
7
7
7
8
6
6
8
7
7
8
8
6
8
7
8
3
8
6
7
7
4
3
5
8
8
7
3
7
4
8
7
7
6
7
6
7
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
36
58
46
53
59
49
34
46
46
33
56
39
51
55
38
33
34
31
37
46
31
47
54
52
43
44
34
59
45
30
32
32
40
48
51
30
31
35
33
35
31
38
46
45
59
58
46
3.04
2.98
2.8
3.75
3.64
3.65
3.18
3.44
3.06
3.51
3.33
2.81
3.64
3.05
2.85
3.56
2.92
3.35
3.46
3.59
3.11
3.65
3.17
2.97
3.77
3.21
3.17
3.65
2.94
3.53
3.65
3.61
3.7
2.91
3.09
3.77
3.79
3.59
3.38
3.57
2.97
3.44
3.64
3.48
2.99
3.73
2.91
3.25
3.1
3.05
3.75
3.65
3.8
3.3
3.4
3.15
3.75
3.4
3.05
3.8
3.4
3.05
3.6
3.1
3.5
3.35
3.75
3.2
3.7
3.5
3.1
3.9
3.2
3.15
3.65
3.1
3.7
3.6
3.7
3.9
3.1
3.25
3.95
3.8
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.1
3.65
3.55
3.4
3.1
3.8
3.05
6
5
2
8
7
8
6
7
6
8
7
2
8
7
3
7
5
7
6
8
6
8
7
5
8
6
6
7
5
8
7
8
8
5
6
9
8
7
7
7
5
7
7
7
5
8
4
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
No Major
Leadership
No Major
Leadership
Leadership
No Major
Leadership
No Major
No Major
Leadership
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
No Major
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Part Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
35
53
31
50
38
50
48
53
53
30
32
42
56
46
49
32
36
42
37
31
31
42
39
47
28
28
52
35
38
44
38
52
53
53
31
47
51
37
46
48
54
48
36
39
28
45
31
3.78
3.4
3.13
3.14
3.24
3.56
3.16
3.53
3.01
3.3
3.62
3.21
3.39
3.65
3.47
3.44
3.88
3.83
3.53
3.22
3.56
3.2
3.17
3.41
3.56
3.34
3.44
3.76
3.55
3.88
3.31
3.09
3.82
3.01
3.66
3.64
3.59
3.49
3.13
3.83
3.04
3.91
3.56
3.96
3.46
3.22
3.27
3.95
3.4
3.15
3.25
3.3
3.5
3.25
3.55
3.15
3.35
3.6
3.4
3.4
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.95
3.95
3.6
3.3
3.8
3.25
3.3
3.6
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.8
3.45
3.9
3.45
3.15
4
3.2
3.85
3.7
3.65
3.55
3.2
3.9
3.15
4
3.7
4
3.4
3.15
3.2
9
7
6
6
6
7
6
7
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
7
9
9
7
6
8
6
6
7
8
7
7
8
7
8
7
6
9
6
8
8
7
7
6
8
6
10
8
9
7
6
6
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Part Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Unemployed
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Full Time
47
35
52
52
55
52
46
31
33
45
50
33
37
33
46
55
30
51
35
40
29
52
27
51
56
35
46
39
31
52
32
32
44
43
38
54
27
38
45
48
43
34
54
36
45
28
37
3.43
3.85
3.89
3.37
3.32
3.54
3.8
3.74
3.17
3.27
3.32
3.56
3.95
3.56
3.79
3.93
3.79
3.71
3.05
3.22
3.85
3.82
3.23
3.56
3.53
3.62
3.8
3.47
3.64
3.03
3.17
3.22
3.92
3.82
3.26
3.8
3.2
3.46
3.67
3.06
3.66
3.96
3.75
3.83
3.22
3.36
3.21
3.45
3.95
3.9
3.45
3.3
3.55
3.9
3.85
3.45
3.55
3.3
3.45
4
3.75
3.75
4
3.85
3.85
3.35
3.2
3.95
3.95
3.95
3.65
3.65
4
3.95
3.35
3.65
3.15
3.25
3.2
4
3.95
3.55
3.85
3.2
3.35
3.75
3.4
3.85
4
3.85
3.85
3.2
3.35
3.25
7
9
8
7
6
7
8
8
7
7
6
7
9
8
8
9
8
8
6
6
9
9
9
7
7
9
9
6
7
5
6
6
10
9
7
8
6
6
8
7
8
10
8
8
6
6
6
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership
Full Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Full Time
Full Time
Unemployed
Full Time
Unemployed
Part Time
Full Time
Full Time
Part Time
Full Time
27
31
45
48
50
32
33
49
27
28
36
35
47
33
3.02
3.99
3.07
3.65
3.67
3.06
3.98
3.93
3.41
3.43
3.7
3.76
3.9
3.23
3.15
4
3.15
3.65
3.85
3.35
3.7
4
3.3
3.5
3.65
3.75
3.9
3.3
5
10
6
7
8
6
8
10
6
7
7
8
8
6
Works FT
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
Variable descriptions
Gender = 0 (female), 1 (male)
Major = student’s major
Age = age of student in years
MBA_GPA = overall GPA in the MBA program
BS_GPA = overall GPA in the BS program
Hrs_Studying = average hours studied per week
Works FT = 0 (No), 1 (Yes)
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Unit 5, Business Statistics
DISCUSSION SECTION:
In your organization, how could you use Chi-Square testing? (Please note I work at a law
firm as a paralegal)
Total bare minimum word count for the initial discussion post is 250 words with a minimum
of two peer-reviewed sources from the Bethel University Databases, plus your textbook
located in the read section. Further, when conducting outside research limit the search
to the past two years.
Please use the following Book Reference as one of the references:
Mirabella, J. (2011) Business Statistics, (Savant Learning Systems) Retrieved from Bethel University,
College of Professional Studies: http://betheluniversityonline.net/cps
COMPLETE SECTION:
THE ATTACHED CHARTS ARE REQUIRED FOR THE HOMEWORK TO BE COMPLETE. PLEASE
USE THEM AND PASTE THEM IN A WORD DOCUMENT WITH THE APPROPRIATE QUESTION. BE
SURE TO USE THE ATTACHED CHARTS TO COMPLETE THIS SECTION……
Use the Student_Data.xls file which consists of 200 MBA students at Whatsamattu U. The file
includes variables regarding students’ age, gender, major, GPA, Bachelors GPA, course load,
English speaking status, family, weekly hours spent studying. Each of the three assigned problems
should be formatted as a one page memo. Answers to all three of the problems should be submitted
as a single Word document with each of the problems clearly labeled.
COMPLETE PROBLEM 1: Historically, in the MBA program at Whatsamattu U., about 40% of the
students choose a Leadership major, 30% choose Finance, 20% choose Marketing, and 10%
choose no major. Does the most recent class of 200 MBA students fit that same pattern or has there
been a shift in the choice of majors. Using the sample of 200 students (in the data file), conduct a
Chi Square Goodness of Fit test to determine if the current distribution fits the historical pattern. Use
a .05 significance level. Report on your findings (100+ words, 3 or more sentences). In your report,
be sure to include the tables with the results of the Chi-square test as well as a chart (a bar chart or
column chart) comparing the expected vs. the observed frequencies.
COMPLETE PROBLEM 2: While job opportunities for men and women are considerably more
balanced than they were 40 years ago, the career aspirations may still differ. Is there a difference in
majors chosen by men and women? Using the sample of 200 MBA students (in the data file),
conduct a Chi Square Test of Independence to determine if one’s choice of major is independent of
their gender. Use a .05 significance level. Report on your findings (100+ words, 3 or more
sentences). In your report, be sure to include the tables with the results of the Chi-square test as
well as a chart (a stacked column chart works well) comparing the expected vs. the observed
frequencies.
COMPLETE PROBLEM 3: You wonder if there is a relationship between students’ employment
status and their choice of major. Do unemployed students choose majors that have the greatest
employment potential? Do fully employed students choose the ‘easiest’ major? Using the sample of
200 MBA students (in the data file), conduct a Chi Square Test of Independence to determine if
one’s choice of major is independent of their employment status. Use a .05 significance level. Report
on your findings (100+ words, 3 or more sentences). In your report, be sure to include the tables with
the results of the Chi-square test as well as a chart (a stacked column chart works well) comparing
the expected vs. the observed frequencies.
…
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